Ovarian cancer, a disease that begins in the ovaries, represents a significant challenge to women’s health. Given its considerable incidence, it is essential to understand its characteristics, symptoms, and treatment options.
Understanding what ovarian cancer is is the first step to addressing it effectively. Ovarian cancer originates in the ovaries, two small organs that are part of the female reproductive system and are responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This type of cancer occurs when cells in the ovaries grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Ovarian cancer can affect a woman’s overall health and reproductive ability.
It is often diagnosed at late stages, which makes it difficult to treat and reduces the chances of survival. Furthermore, if left untreated, this tumor can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, bladder, rectum, liver, lungs, and lymph nodes.
Recognizing the symptoms of ovarian cancer can be crucial for early diagnosis. Unfortunately, in its early stages, ovarian cancer often presents no noticeable symptoms, making it difficult to detect. However, as the disease progresses, certain signs may indicate the presence of a problem. It is important to note that these symptoms can vary from person to person and may be caused by other benign conditions. As the cancer progresses, symptoms such as the following may appear:
It is important to note that the severity and presentation of symptoms can vary from person to person. Some women may experience mild symptoms, while others may have more severe symptoms. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is essential to consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis.
The classification of ovarian cancer is essential to determine the best course of treatment. Ovarian cancer is classified according to the type of cell where it originates and the degree to which the cancer cells resemble normal ovarian cells (grade). This classification helps doctors understand tumor behavior and predict its likelihood of growth and spread. The most common types of ovarian cancer are:
The stage of cancer is determined by a classification system (such as the FIGO system) that describes the extent of the cancer in the body. The stages range from I (localized) to IV (distant metastasis).
The exact causes of ovarian cancer are not yet fully understood. Although the exact causes are unknown, risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer have been identified. A key finding is that cancer often starts in the fallopian tubes, not in the ovaries themselves.
Additional theories suggest a relationship between ovulation and cancer risk, given that pregnancy and birth control pills (which reduce ovulation) decrease the risk. Tubal ligation and hysterectomy also reduce the risk, possibly by blocking the passage of carcinogens from the vagina to the ovaries.
Identifying risk factors for ovarian cancer can help women understand their individual likelihood of developing the disease and take preventive measures. While having one or more risk factors does not mean that a woman will definitely develop ovarian cancer, it increases the likelihood compared to women without these factors. Some of the most common risk factors include: old age, family history of ovarian or breast cancer, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), obesity, postmenopausal hormone therapy, never having been pregnant, and endometriosis.
Ovarian cancer, if left untreated, can lead to a range of complications that affect health and quality of life. The spread of cancer to other parts of the body (metastasis) is a serious complication. Metastasis can occur in nearby organs, such as the fallopian tubes, uterus, and bladder, or in distant organs, such as the lungs, liver, and bones. In addition, ovarian cancer can cause chronic pelvic or abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, infertility, and other health problems.
It is essential to seek medical attention if ovarian cancer is suspected. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to improving the chances of survival.
Accurate and early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is essential for effective treatment and to improve the chances of survival. Since early symptoms are often vague or nonexistent, diagnosis usually occurs in later stages of the disease. The diagnostic process typically begins with a thorough evaluation of medical history and a physical examination, including a pelvic exam to feel the ovaries and detect any abnormalities. Next, a series of tests are performed to confirm or rule out the presence of ovarian cancer:
At HM Hospitales, we have advanced technology for diagnostic imaging, such as transvaginal ultrasound and MRI, which allow for precise evaluation of the ovaries and the early detection of abnormalities. In addition, our team of expert gynecologists performs biopsies to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the cancer.
Ovarian cancer treatment is individualized based on the stage of the cancer, the tumor type, the patient’s age and overall health, and their personal preferences. The goal of treatment is to eliminate the cancer or control its growth and relieve symptoms. Most women with ovarian cancer receive a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.
At HM Hospitales, we have oncologists specializing in the treatment of ovarian cancer who develop personalized treatment plans for each patient, including the possibility of hormone therapy and HIPEC when appropriate.
Remember that this article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. If you suspect you have ovarian cancer, consult a specialist to obtain an accurate diagnosis and a treatment plan tailored to your needs.
